Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)

• 1861
• Canning
• Union Ministry of Culture

The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (AMASR Act) regulates the preservation of monuments and archaeological sites of national importance.

Advent of Europeans in India

Portuguese (1498)

• Prince Hennry of Portugal (Navigator)
• Treaty of Todesillas (1494): B/w Spain (West) and Portugal (East) [Imaginary line in the Atlantic]
• Bartholomew Dias (1487): Cape of Good Hope (Africa)

Vasco Da Gama (1498):

• Help of  Gujarati - Abdul Majid
• 1501 Returned to India
• Cannanore: Trading Factory
• Calicut, Cannnore, Cochin Commerce centres.

Francisco De Almeida

• Cost of Diu 1507: Egyptian and Gujarat navies - Ameida son Died
• Blue Water Policy (Cartage System)

Alfonso de Albuquerque

• Abolition of Sati

Nino da Cunha

• 1529
• HQ: Cochin to Goa 

Goa Liberation Day

• 19 December, 1961
• ‘Operation Vijay’ undertaken by the Indian armed forces to defeat Portuguese colonial forces and liberate Goa in 1961.

Advent of European

Portuguese

• 1510: Goa: From Sultan of Bijapur: Afonso de Albuquerque

The Portuguese were the first Eutopean to arrive in India and the last to leave.

• 1498: Vasco da Gama, Calicut, Welcomed by the Zamorin
• Trading settlement at calicut, Cochin and Cannanore
• 1st Governor: Francis de Almeida, Blue water policy
• 1509: Afonso de Albuquerque
• 1530: Nino da Cunha: Diu and Bassein from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat

Nirbhaya Fund

• The Centre had in 2013 introduced the ‘Nirbhaya Fund’ to help women in distress, provide improved infrastructure and manpower to help women, and create a safer space for them.
• The Nirbhaya Fund has been launched as a non-lapsable fund which is handled by the MoWCD and Ministry of Finance.

Source: The Indian Express

Western disturbance

• Western disturbances are storms that originate in the Mediterranean region. 
• They bring easterly winds to Delhi, along with a spike in moisture and increased clouding or rainfall. 
• They are regular features in winter. 
• In monsoon and summer, they have more tropical characteristics and bring rain and thunderstorms. 
• In winter, they bring rain and snow over the hills and more moisture to the plains. 
• The cloud cover results in higher minimum temperatures at night and lower day-time or maximum temperatures.

Volcano Eruption

Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, erupted after 38 years on Sunday (November 27), spewing ash and debris, and covering the night sky of Hawaii’s Big Island in an incandescent red hue.

Famous volcanoes in the world

1. Krakatoa, Indonesia
2. Mount Vesuvius, Italy
3. Mount Fuji, Japan
4. Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland
5. Kīlauea, Hawaii
6. Mount St Helens, USA

Kashi Tamil Sangamam

•  IIT Madras and Banaras Hindu University (BHU) is the venue for the one-month-long Kashi Tamil Sangamam
• Ministry of Education
• Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav
• Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat

Pandya King

• King Parakrama
• 15th Century
• Madurai
• Kasi Vishwanath Temple in Tamil Nadu

Kushiyara river

• Distributary of Barak River
• Flows through Assam

Kushiyara Agreement

• India and Bangladesh

Hague Convention

To Protect Children and their families against the risks of illegal, irregular, premature adoptions abroad.

• India has signed the Hague Convention
• Only to children below the age of 16.

Swami Vivekananda

• Founder of the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission
• January 12: National Youth Day

Books

• Raja Yoga
• Jnana Yoga
• Karma Yoga

Reservation

Article Related to the Reservation for SC and ST

• Article 15(4) and 16(4); Reserve seats in Govt. Service 
• Article 16 (4B): Carry forward Seats
• Article 330 and 332: In Parliament and SLA
• Article 243D: Panchayat
• Article 233T: Municipality
• Article 335

Cases

Indra Sawhney v/s Union of India (1992)

• Creamy Layer
• < 50%

Human Development Index 2021

India 

• Rank: 132/191
• Point: 0.633 lower than the world average of 0.732
• Category: Medium

 

Indicators

• Life expectancy at Birth (SDG 3)
• Expected Years of Schooling (SDG 4)
• Mean Years of Schooling ( SDG 4)
• Gross National Income (GNI)

Subhas Chandra Bose

• Born: 23rd January
• Book: The Indian Struggle
• Spiritual Guru: Swami Vivekananda
• Political Guru: C.R. Das
• 1919: Selected to be in Indian Civil Services, Resigned

Indian National Congress (INC)

• 1938: Haripura: President
• 1939: Tripuri: President, Resigned

Formed All India Forward Bloc within INC

World Water Week

• from August 24 till September 1
• Organised by Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI)
• Theme is- “Seeing the Unseen: The Value of Water”.

World Water Day

• March 22 
• Sustainable Development Goal 6: water and sanitation for all by 2030.
• Theme of 2022 “Groundwater: making the invisible visible.”
• The theme was decided by UN-water at its 30th meeting in Rome. It was proposed by the International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC).

Government Initiatives

• Catch the Rain campaign 2022
• Jal Andolan a Jan Andolan
• Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain’
• Atal Bhujal Yojana, a Central Sector Scheme
• National Water Mission
• Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation has instituted National Water Awards and “Water Heroes – Share your stories” 
• Har Khet Ko Pani (HKKP)
• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)

Drought

Drought is a rainfall-scarce period, affecting the availability of water for irrigation, drinking,etc 

They are classified into three types:

• METEOROLOGICAL drought is a prolonged dry spell in periods when rainfall is expected 
• HYDROLOGICAL drought is when scarcity of water begins to hit normal supplies in the system 
• AGRICULTURAL drought is when scarcity of water begins to affect the agricultural production

Source: The Indian Express

Curzon

• Appointed Viceroy of India In 1899
• Partition Bengal 1905
• "We could lose all our dominions and still survive, but if we lost India, Our sun would sink its settings."

Reforms

• Universities Act of 1904: brought all the universities in India under the control of the government.
• The Agriculture Research Institute In Pusa(Bihar)
• Police Commission 1902: Chairman: Andew Frazer
• Northwest Frontier Province(NWFP)
• Imperial cadet Corps
• Ancient Monuments Act, 1904

PYQs

• 2014

Bilkis Bano gang rape case

**For the Exam

• Remission

Khongjom Day: 23 March

• Paid Homage to the martyrs of 1891 War
• Anglo - Manipur War
• The Kingdom of Manipur and the British Empire

Paona Brajabasi

• A military officer

Facts Related to the 15 August and 26 January

Purna Swaraj

• Lahore Session
• 1929

January 26, 1930

• Choose the 1st Independence Day

December 29, 1929

• Hoisted the national flag 
• River Ravi
• Lahore

Italy

• Lake Garda: country’s largest lake
• lake shrinks

**Also in News

• Po River