Citizenship

 Two well known Principles,

• 'Jus Soli': Citizenship on the basis of place of birth 
• 'Jus Sanguinis':  Basis on blood relation ~> Rejected by Constituent Assembly

Indian Constitution

• Union List
• Constitution does not define the "Citizen"
• Details in the Part II (Article 5 to 11)
• Single Citizenship (e.g. UK)

Article 11

• It empowers Parliament to make any provision wrt the acquisition and termination of citizenship and all matters relating to it.

Acquisition

• By Birth
• By descent
• Registration 
• Naturalisation

Citizenship Act, 1955

• Act has been amended 5 times: 1986, 2003, 2005, 2015 and 2019

Section 6A

• Only applicable to Assam

Doctrine of Basic Structure

• Kesavananda Bharati v State of Kerala 1973
• a 13-judge Constitution Bench ruled that the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution could not be amended by Parliament.
• Origin: German Constitution
• Constitution does not defined "Basic Structure"

Nirbhaya Fund

• The Centre had in 2013 introduced the ‘Nirbhaya Fund’ to help women in distress, provide improved infrastructure and manpower to help women, and create a safer space for them.
• The Nirbhaya Fund has been launched as a non-lapsable fund which is handled by the MoWCD and Ministry of Finance.

Source: The Indian Express

The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act

• The Act came into force on November 14, 2012
• To deal with offences including child sexual abuse and child pornography.
• Act includes punishment for aggravated penetrative sexual assault to be increased to include the death penalty.
• The punishment has increased including the minimum punishment for penetrative sexual assault, which has been increased from seven years to 10 years — and, if the child is below 16 years of age, the minimum punishment has been increased to 20 years.

Electoral Bonds

 Electoral bonds are interest-free bearer instruments (like Promissory Notes) that will be available for purchase from the State Bank of India within a designated window of 10 days in every quarter of the financial year.

Source: The Indian Express

Uniform Civil Code (UCC)

 Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP)

• Article 44

Constituent Assembly

•  1935: INC officially called for a constituent assembly to frame a constitution for India.

1938: Nehru Made a Statement regarding the Constitution

1940: August Offer Accepted the Demand

a constituent assembly was established under the provisions of the Cabinet Mission plan.

Composition

• Constituted in 1946
• 389: 296 For British India and 93 For Princely States

Election Commission of India

Appointment

• By President 
• 6 years tenure or up to the age of 65 Years whichever is earlier
• Same salary as judges of the SC of India

Article 324

•  The powers of  “superintendence, direction, and control of elections” is to be vested in an Election Commission.

Size

• not fixed by the constitution

Article 324(2) says that “the Election Commission shall consist of the Chief Election Commissioner and a such number of other Election Commissioners if any, as the President may from time to time fix”.

All three ECs have equal say in the decision-making of the Commission.

Governor

• Under Articles 155 and 156 of the Constitution, a Governor is appointed by the President and holds office “during the pleasure of the President”.
• The Governor can be appointed and removed by the central government.
• Article 163 of the Constitution says the Governor will normally be aided and advised by the Council of Ministers except in those functions which require his discretion.

Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA)

• To regulate the acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution 

Provision

• To open a bank account for the receipt of foreign funds in the State Bank of India, Delhi.
• To utilize those funds only for the purpose for which they have been received, and as stipulated in the Act.
• They must not transfer the funds to another NGO.

Registration

• apply online
• MHA makes inquiries through the Intelligence Bureau 
• The MHA is required to approve or reject the application within 90 days.
• FCRA registration is valid for five years.
• NGOs are expected to apply for renewal within six months of the date of expiry of registration.

Cancellation

• violation of the Act
• Once the registration of an NGO is canceled, it is not eligible for re-registration for three years.
• All orders of the government can be challenged in the High Court.

Add on

• https://iassaheb.blogspot.com/2022/06/fcra.html

Source: The Indian Express

PM PRANAM

•  PM Promotion of Alternate Nutrients for Agriculture Management Yojana 

Reservation

Article Related to the Reservation for SC and ST

• Article 15(4) and 16(4); Reserve seats in Govt. Service 
• Article 16 (4B): Carry forward Seats
• Article 330 and 332: In Parliament and SLA
• Article 243D: Panchayat
• Article 233T: Municipality
• Article 335

Cases

Indra Sawhney v/s Union of India (1992)

• Creamy Layer
• < 50%

EWS Quota

• 103rd CA 2019
• 10% EWS Quota
• Article 15(6) and 16(6) added

Basic Structure:

• Kesavananda Bharti Judgment (1973): Doctrine of Basic Structure
• Shankari Prasad (1951)
• Golak Nath (1967)
• Minerva Mills (1980)

Section 124A IPC

Number of women scientists goes up

 

Source: The Indian Express

Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)

• Statutory authority
• Under the Jurisdiction of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
• Aadhar Act 2016
• 12 digit 

National Investigation Agency (NIA)

• Central Agency
• It is empowered to deal with terror-related crimes across states w/o special permission from the states.
• NIA Act, 2008
• Works Under Ministry Of Home Affairs

Compassion towards the weaker section of society

• to suffer with another person.

Venkatesham Burra (IAS)

• Self-Help Groups: Aasara
• NGOs:  Ashraya

Prasanth Nair IAS

• Compassionate Kozhikode and Operation Sulimani 

Question

“Public service is recognized on the basis of tolerance and compassion towards the weaker section of the society.” Explain the values of tolerance and compassion in this context. (UPPSC 2019)

Source: The Indian Express

SA8000 certificate

• By Social Accountability International
• social certifications for decent workplaces across all industrial sectors

Facts

• In 2007, Medak district administration became the first government agency in Asia to receive SA8000 certificate
• It was one of the world’s first auditable social certifications for decent workplaces across all industrial sectors

Reference:

• Social Accountability International

Police System

• Ideal Police System
• Numerous Tasks Of Police Stations: The Bureau of Police Research& Development (BPR&D): Identified 45 Tasks
• Time Bound Service Delivery: India Justice Report (IJR) 2020: Tata Trusts
• Modernisation of Police: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA): 20000 Crore for the modernization of police (2017-2020)

Technology-driven service delivery

National Crime Records Bureau

Report: Crime in India 2019

• As per the report, 25,023 cases of assault on women, 11,966 rape cases, and 4,197 “dowry deaths” have been pending trial for five to 10 years.

Source: The Indian Express