Montreal Protocol

• Protocol of Vienna Convention: Protection of the Ozone Layer,1985
• To cut down 99% of all ozone-depleting substance (ODS)
• India (1992)

Ozone layer

• Stratosphere, 
• absorbs UV rays
• 16 September 

Kigali Agreement

• 2016 (entered into force in 2019)
• 80% reduction in HFCs consumption by 2047.

Ozone-depleting substance (ODS)

• CFCs
• halons
• methyl bromide
• bromochloromethane

CFCs

• harmful for the Ozone layers
• Use: Refrigerators, AC, Fire extinguishers, foams

HFCs

• do not harm Ozone Layer 
• Causing global warming

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCC)

• Rio Earth Summit (1992) and into force(1994)
• India: Member
• Kyoto Protocol
• Paris Climate Agreement

Global Methane Pledge

• United States and EU
• India is not a Member
• COP26 (2021)
• reduce methane emissions by at least 30% below 2020 levels by 2030.

Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) Mission

• NASA
• Related to Methane
• helped to identify more than 50 super-emitters of methane gase

Intergovermental Panel On Climate Change(IPCC)

• 1988
• World Meterological Organization (WMO) and UNEP
• India is a Member
• Nobel Prize (2007)

Report

• Assessment Reports
• Special Reports
• Methodology reports

Economy

1.  GDP

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

• Part IV
• Articles 36 to 51
• Borrowed from Irish Constitution (Copied from Spanish Constitution)
• Instrument of Instructions (GOI Act, 1935)
• Concept of  "Welfare State"
• Non-Justiciable
• Aim at establishing social and economic  democracy

Amendments

42nd CAA, 1976

• Article 39 (Children)
• Article 39A (Equal Justice, free legal Aid)
• Article 43A (workers)
• Article 48A (Environment and Wildlife)

44th CAA, 1978

• Article 38 (Inequalities in Income)

86th CAA, 2002

• Article 45 to Article 21A (Elementary Education)

97th CAA, 2011

• Article 43B (Co-operative Societies)

Cases

Champakam Dorairajan (1951)

• FR Should Prevail over DPSP (Ruled By SC)
• Parliament: 1st CAA 1951, 4th CAA 1955, 17th CAA 1964

Golaknath Case (1967)

• Court: FR can not be amended for the  implementation of the DPSP
• Parliament: 24th CAA 1971, 25th CAA 1971
• 24th CAA 1971: Parliament has the power to take away any of the FR by Enacting the CAA
• 25th CAA 1971: Article 39(b) and (c) prevails over Article 19,14 and Article 31, No Judicial Review

Kesavananda Bharti Case (1971)

• Basic Structure (Not Defined in the Constitution)
• 25th CAA 1971: Judicial Review

Minerva Mills Case (1980)