COP15 biodiversity summit

• Delegates committed to protecting 30% of land and 30% of coastal and marine areas by 2030, fulfilling the deal’s highest-profile goal, known as 30-by-30.

Harissa: Spicy

• Harissa is a condiment popular in Tunisia.
• Got special heritage status from UNESCO

Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC )

• OIC was established at 1969 summit in Rabat (Morocco).
• The organization has 57 countries and India is not a member of the organization.

The headquarter is in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Objective :

To establish solidarity among the member states, supports restoration of complete sovereignty and territorial integrity and combat the defamation of Islam. The decisions regarding membership and granting of observer status are taken by consensus. And this was the prime reason behind the India was not granted membership in 1969 at the behest of opposition from Pakistan. The other decision making at the summit is done by a minimum quorum of two third members and decision is tried to reach by consensus. If the decisions are not reached by consensus the decisions are made by a two third majority.

United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

 Aichi Targets

• adopted during the 2010 CBD summit in Nagoya, located in Japan’s Aichi prefecture, included goals such as reducing deforestation by at least half during the coming decade and curbing pollution so that it no longer harmed ecosystems.

World Bank

The Bretton Woods Conference, officially known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was a gathering of delegates from 44 nations that met from July 1 to 22, 1944 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire (USA), to agree upon a series of new rules for international financial and monetary order after the conclusion of World War II.

The World Bank Group consists of five development institutions. 

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) provides loans, credits, and grants. 
2. International Development Association (IDA) provides low- or no-interest loans to low-income countries. 
3. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) provides investment, advice, and asset management to companies and governments.
4.  The Multilateral Guarantee Agency (MIGA) insures lenders and investors against political risks such as war. 
5. The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) settles investment disputes between investors and countries. 

• India was one of the forty-four original signatories to the agreements reached at Bretton Woods that established the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). 
• It was also one of the founding members of the IFC in 1956 and the IDA in 1960. 
• India later became a member of the MIGA in January 1994. 
• India is not a member of ICSID.

Reports

• Ease of Doing Business 
• Human Capital Index.
• World Development Report.

**

The World Bank launched a “Toolkit on Enabling Gender Responsive Urban Mobility and Public Spaces in India” with the aim of suggesting ways to make public transport in Indian cities more inclusive of women’s traveling requirements.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

The UNEP is a leading global environmental authority established on 5th June 1972. 

Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya

Functions: 

It sets the global environmental agenda, promotes sustainable development within the United Nations system, and serves as an authoritative advocate for global environment protection. 

Major Reports: 

• Emission Gap Report, 
• Adaptation Gap Report, 
• Global Environment Outlook, 
• Frontiers, Invest in Healthy Planet. 

Major Campaigns: 

• Beat Pollution, UN75, 
• World Environment Day, 
• Wild for Life. 

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• The formation of the IMF was initiated in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference. IMF came into operation on 27th December 1945.

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) 

They are the IMF’s unit of account and not a currency.

The currency value of the SDR is determined by summing the values in U.S. dollars, based on market exchange rates, of a SDR basket of currencies

SDR basket of currencies includes the

• S. dollar,
• Euro,
• Japanese yen,
• pound sterling and
• Chinese renminbi (included in 2016).

The SDR currency value is calculated daily (except on IMF holidays or whenever the IMF is closed for business) and the valuation basket is reviewed and adjusted every five years.

Reports

Global Financial Stability Report

• It is released twice per year, in April and October.

World Economic Outlook

• It is a survey by the IMF that is usually published twice a year in April and October.

PYQs

Global Financial Stability Report’ is prepared by the (2016)

(a) European Central Bank
(b) International Monetary Fund
(c) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(d) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Asian Development Bank

• Asian Development Bank ADB is a regional development bank established in 1966. 
• It has 68 members. 
• India is a founding member. 49 are from within Asia and the Pacific and 19 outside. 
• It aims to promote social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific. 
• As of 31st December 2019, ADB’s five largest shareholders are Japan and the United States (each with 15.6% of total shares), the People’s Republic of China (6.4%), India (6.3%), and Australia (5.8%). 
• It is headquartered in Manila, Philippines.

Group of Seven (G7)

 Countries

1. United States of America
2. Canada
3. United  Kingdom (UK)
4. France
5. Italy
6. Germany
7. Japan
8. Russia

2022 Summit: Schloss Elmau, Germany

United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

• established by the UN Charter in 1945.
• Council HQ at New York

 The six principal organs of the United Nations.

1. UNSC
2. the General Assembly (UNGA)
3. the Trusteeship Council
4. the Economic and Social Council,
5. the International Court of Justice
6. the Secretariat

United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

• 15 members
• 5 permanent (UK, US, Russia, France, China)
• 10 non-permanent (2 Yr)
• Presidency rotates every month

United Nations Climate Change Framework Convention (UNFCCC)

• The Conference of Parties (COP) is the apex decision-making body

• UNFCCC was formed in 1994

• To stabilize greenhouse gas emissions and to protect the earth from the threat of climate change

• COP Presidency rotates among the five recognized UN regions

COP27

• Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

• a permanent intergovernmental international organization. 
• It meets once every year 
• The Heads of State Council (HSC) is the highest decision-making body in the SCO
• The Secretariat in Beijing (China) and the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent(Uzbekistan).
• Russian and Chinese are the official working languages of the SCO.
• SCO Business Council’s Permanent Secretariat is headquartered in Moscow.

History

• Before creation of SCO in 2001,Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan were members of the Shanghai Five
• It was after the accession of Uzbekistan to the organization in 2001, the Shanghai Five was renamed the SCO.
• India and Pakistan became members in 2017.
• 17^th September, 2021, it was announced that Iran would become a full member of the SCO.

SCO full members

•  India, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

Interpol

• the world’s largest international police organization
• HQ: Lyon, France

India

• CBI is a nodal agency

Asian Clearing Union (ACU)

• HQ: Tehran, Iran
• established on December 9, 1974
• the initiative of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP)
• to promote regional cooperation.

Members

• Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Asian Monetary Unit(AMU) is the common unit of account of ACU and is denominated as ‘ACU dollar’, ‘ACU euro’,  and ‘ACU yen’.

Source: The Indian Express

G-20

• 2023
• Jammu and Kashmir

Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)

• Established on 8 August 1967 (Bangkok, Thailand)
• Bangkok Declaration

Members (10 members)

• Founding members (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand)
• Brunai-(1984)
• Vietnam (1995)
• Laos and Myanmar(1997)
• Combodia(1999)

Relation with India

• 30th Anniversary of ASEAN-India Dialogue Relation (16 June 2022)

More Info

• Visit

BRICS

 Member Country

• Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

2022: Hosted by China(Virtually)

Significance:

• Combined population of 3.23 Billion (40% of the world's Population)
• more than a quarter of the world's land area over 3 continents.
• >25% of the global GDP
• 2 fastest-growing nation: INDIA, China

World Trade Organization

• Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies(AFS)
• Special And Differential Treatment(S&DT)

Blue Economy

• India has set a target of exporting marine products worth $14 million by 2025.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO]

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO](also called the Washington Treaty) of April 4, 1949.

• A political and Military Alliance

• Recently joined Montenegro(2017) and North Macedonia(2020)

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada,(North American) and 28 Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.
• It was the US’s first peacetime military alliance outside the western hemisphere.
• HQ: Brussels, Belgium.

Source

• The Indian Express
• NATO

Organization in News

BRICS

NATO

ASEAN

SCO

GCC

FATF

OIC

BIMSTIC

G-7